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#academic writing

A university periodicals room with tall journal shelves, printed article pages on a standing counter, and a person checking a serials display.

Guidescitation checking7 min read

How to Check Whether an Article Was Corrected or Retracted Before You Cite It

Check the publisher record, linked notices, DOI, and Crossmark so a correction or retraction does not distort your citation.

Overhead view in a university journal mailroom of three trays holding edited manuscript pages, an accepted manuscript packet, and a bound journal issue.

Explainerscitation checking6 min read

Preprint, Accepted Manuscript, or Published Article: Which Version Should You Cite?

Learn how preprints, accepted manuscripts, and published articles differ, and choose the version that supports your citation.

A university microforms room with microfilm readers, a printed journal article, a request slip, and a blue archive box.

Explainerscitation checking7 min read

Secondary Citations Explained: Referencing a Source Quoted in Another Source

What a secondary citation means, when to use one, and how to show readers which source you actually consulted.

A university photocopy room with a student sorting marked printed pages into trays on a counter beside a copier.

Guidescitation checking7 min read

How to Find Uncited Source-Dependent Claims in Your Draft

A sentence-by-sentence citation audit for finding claims learned from sources, even after the wording, numbers, and quotations have changed.

A public map room with flat-file drawers, a folded map, a printed table sheet, a catalogue card, and a red file folder on a rolling cart.

Guidescitation checking7 min read

How to Check Tables, Figure Captions, and Footnotes for Missing Attribution

Use a focused pre-submission workflow to find missing attribution in tables, figures, captions, image credits, and footnotes.

A university archive aisle with rolling shelves, an open bound journal, a document tray, and archival folders.

Guidescitation checking7 min read

How to Verify a Direct Quote Against the Original Source

Check every direct quote against its source, including wording, omissions, emphasis, locators, and the claim it supports.

A hand with a pencil checks a printed reference list against a stack of open books on a library table under a green lamp.

Generalcitation checking7 min read

How to Check That Every Citation Has a Matching Reference

A two-pass method for finding missing references, unused entries, and citation mismatches before you submit your paper.