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Explainers

What the words in a report mean, and what the numbers can and cannot tell you.

Overhead view in a university journal mailroom of three trays holding edited manuscript pages, an accepted manuscript packet, and a bound journal issue.

Explainerscitation checking6 min read

Preprint, Accepted Manuscript, or Published Article: Which Version Should You Cite?

Learn how preprints, accepted manuscripts, and published articles differ, and choose the version that supports your citation.

A university microforms room with microfilm readers, a printed journal article, a request slip, and a blue archive box.

Explainerscitation checking7 min read

Secondary Citations Explained: Referencing a Source Quoted in Another Source

What a secondary citation means, when to use one, and how to show readers which source you actually consulted.

A student on a university stairwell compares printed draft pages with a handwritten field notebook, with source notes and a pencil on nearby steps.

Explainersai likelihood7 min read

What Claude’s Text Watermark Means When You Check Your Own Writing

Claude’s text watermark is a provenance signal in generated text. Learn what a detection can suggest, and what it cannot prove.

A student in a university writing centre hallway compares two printed pages on a wall rail while holding source cards and a pencil.

Explainersglossary7 min read

Exact Match vs Near Match: How to Read the Difference

Understand exact and near text matches, how similarity tools find them, and how to review flagged passages in your own writing.

Close view in a university print room of a printed bibliography page beside a blue document comb at a binding station.

Explainerssimilarity reports7 min read

Why a Reference List Can Appear in Similarity Matches

Why bibliography entries appear in similarity reports, what affects the percentage, and how to separate metadata matches from prose.

Several people sort printed draft pages and source papers around a library table.

Explainersdraft review8 min read

A Pre-Submission Checklist for Collaborative Writing

Use a shared final-pass record to check citations, pasted text, duplicate passages, versions and contributor edits before submission.

Extreme close-up of a yellow highlighter tip mid-stroke across a printed line, the ink soaking into the paper fibres and the text out of focus.

Explainersglossary7 min read

How AI-Likelihood Is Calibrated, and What It Cannot Tell You

AI-likelihood scores are estimates, not verdicts. Learn what calibration measures, why false positives occur, and how to review a result.